This work is an interdisciplinary study focusing on the dynamics of the Earth's crust and engineering applications, with particular emphasis on regional geoscience analyses. The first chapter maps subsurface structures of the Erzincan Basin and surroundings using EMAG2 global magnetic data and derivative-based boundary analysis methods. Magnetic anomalies and earthquake distributions are integrated to delineate active fault zones, offering significant insights into the tectonic framework of the region. The second chapter addresses the morphometric analysis of the Köprüçay Watershed in the Western Mediterranean. Quantitative morphometric parameters such as drainage density, bifurcation ratio, form factor, and hypsometric integral are evaluated to assess hydrological behavior, erosion susceptibility, and flood risk. The third chapter investigates the suitability of basalts from the Işıkkara area (Kütahya) as railway ballast. Detailed mineralogical, petrographic, geochemical, and mechanical laboratory tests demonstrate the basalts' high durability and abrasion resistance, confirming their appropriateness for modern high-speed and heavy haul rail infrastructure. The fourth chapter examines the effects of road and railway-induced vibrations on buildings and establishes safe building approach distances. The study analyzes resonance risks, vibration propagation relative to soil types, and attenuation, offering recommendations to enhance building safety. Overall, the book integrates earth sciences with engineering disciplines, providing comprehensive analyses in seismic risk management, hydrological basin sustainability, infrastructure material performance, and urban planning against vibration hazards.